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Agricultural Waste
Agricultural waste is a main cause of water pollution. Agriculture waste includes both point and nonpoint sources. Point source examples are accidental milk spills from dairies that enter a body of water directly, which a nonpoint source includes fertilizer run-off. Both sources can result in various damages to ecosystems, the environment, and humans.
Causes
One of the main causes of agricultural waste is industrial farming. Large-scale animal farmers store their livestock’s waste in gigantic tanks called “lagoons.” These lagoons can hold million of gallons of manure at a time. They can often leak or rupture resulting in huge leaks of animal waste. Raw manure is about one hundred sixty times more toxic than municipal sewage and can cause a great amount of damage to marine environments.
Effects/Repercussions
When raw manure enters bodies of water like streams, rivers, or lakes, it results in a variety of negative effects. First, manure is rich in nutrients like nitrogen and phosphorous which can cause algal blooms and eutrophicaiton. Next, manure also contains traces of antibiotics and hormones, which are present in animal feed. This can contribute to the development of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria resulting in bacteria that may be more difficult to repel. In one study, sixty seven percent of water taken near poultry farms and thirty one percent of water near swine farms contained antibiotics.
Health Risks
Agricultural waste also causes many human health risks. Animal manure can contain heavy metals and salts from the animals’ feed. Metals such as copper and zinc result in many problems when consumed by humans including kidney problems, nervous system disorders, cardiovascular problems, and even cancer. Next, manure contains high concentrations of ammonia, which can be converted into dangerous nitrates. These nitrates are very poisonous to humans and can cause fatal oxygen levels in babies, spontaneous abortions, and possible cancer. Lastly, manure waste can result in the abundance of disease causing microorganisms called pathogens. Pathogens can respiratory and eye irritation, gastrointestinal problems, fatigue, skin problems, memory loss, and confusion.
Prevention
Agricultural waste causes many problems, but it can be prevented. One way of prevention is the creation of smaller farms. Smaller farms are able to conserve water and apply manure and fertilizers responsibly. Farmers can also prevent the amount of waste by reducing the amount of manure, fertilizers, and sewage applied to their fields. Lastly, agricultural waste can be prevented by careful management of disposal of farm waste.
Citations:
Krantz, D., & Kifferstein, B. (n.d.). Water pollution and society. In Water pollution. Retrieved April 13, 2010, from http://www.umich.edu/~gs265/society/waterpollution.htm
Water pollution. (2009). Edu green. Retrieved April 13, 2010, from http://edugreen.teri.res.in/explore/water/pollu.htm
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Domestic Waste
Domestic waste is the municipal solid waste. This type of waste is classified as both point and nonpoint pollution. It is classified as point by improper dumping of domestic waste. Domestic waste is also classified as non-point because of the every day things of driving a car or using fertilizer.
There are several ways of detection domestic waste. One of which is using unsuppressed ion chromatography with post-column flow injection detection of phosphorous to detect condensed phosphorous in the wastewater. This way is used because of the short analysis time and its high sensitivity. Another method is the volumetric method to determine the amount f mercury in the water. The wastes are digested with concentrated acids and then extracted by UV irradiation. This method uses a unique time program so as not to disturb, trigger, or ruin anything.
Causes of domestic waste are people not properly disposing of things and of poor waste management. Effects and repercussions of this pollution are many and include health risks. When solid wastes are dumped in water this leads to animal life dying and dysentery and cholera in humans. The improper dumping of wastes is also harmful to the atmosphere, which leads to destruction of the ozone layer. Pollution in the air causes acidic rain, which removes the fertility of the soil. Domestic pollution also affects the drainage flow. Toxic waste materials are deadly to animals, damage the airation system and hinders agricultural. These repercussions affect the economy by causing the loss of income and leading to poverty. Tourism is affected because polluted places are less likely to be visited then clean ones. Polluted water carries disease. Broken bottles collect water and the y become a breeding ground for mosquitoes and flies. If a human or animal steps on theses objects they become infected with germs. This poor waste management stops the development of countries.
Even though there are so many repercussions there are proactive and preventive measures to take to stop this pollution. Mainly people must reduce what they use and reuse and recycle whenever possible. Changing poor habits also would slow pollution. In example in designing and constructing buildings there are many levels to reduce waste. Architects and engineers should design more eco-friendly buildings that use less material and the builders should not waste material when they are building. Knowledge on the dangers of pollution would help people to know more and try to prevent this danger. Use of products that minimize waste are also important. Using minimal packaging, durable and not disposable items, nontoxic materials, and locally produced goods, biodegradable and bioconvertable material all reduce pollution.
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Industrial
Methods of detection, causes, effects
CAUSES: Waste materials like acids, alkalies, toxic metals, oil, grease, dyes, pesticides and even radioactive materials are poured into the water bodies by many industrial units. Some other important pollutants include polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) compounds, lubricants and hot water discharged by power plants. The pollutants unloaded into the water bodies usually dissolve or remain suspended in water. Sometimes, they also accumulate on the bottom of the water bodies.
Over the years, many types of chemicals have gotten into our waterways—and they continue to do so today. Chemical water pollution typically occurs because ...
* the chemicals were dumped into the water intentionally;
* the chemicals seeped into groundwater, streams, or rivers because of failing pipes or storage tanks;
* the chemicals catastrophically contaminated waterways because of industrial accidents;
* the pollution settled out of polluted air (or was precipitated out of polluted air); or
* chemicals were leached out of contaminated soil.
DETECTION: Industrial water pollution can be detected using available water detection kits that test the water for a larger than normal amount of certain chemicals such as carbon dioxide, ammonia, chloride, cyanide, nitrate, copper, ect. The water can also be tested for an excess of oil within the water that is spilt into it. Trace levels of mercury in fish organs can be detected using a two-photon fluorescent probe designed by Korean scientists.
Two-photon probes are also being developed to detect heavier metals in water such as cadmium and lead.
Repercussions of each
Oil spills by oil tanks endanger marine life. Estimates of the United Nations state that 1.3 million barrels of oils are spilled annually into the Persian Gulf, and about 285 million gallons are spilled into the oceans every year.
In the United States, industries contribute more than half of the total water pollution. The industrial effluents contain asbestos, phosphates, mercury, lead, nitrates, sulfur, sulfuric acid, oil and many other poisonous materials. In many countries, industrial water is not treated adequately before discharging it into rivers or lakes. This is particularly true in the case of small industries that do not have sufficient capital to purchase pollution control equipment.
Industrial water pollution causes many diseases within humans and kills much of the marine life.
Proactive measures of each
Recently, to control water pollution, different countries have introduced various legislations. The legislations undertaken by the United States include Federal Water Pollution Control Act (1972), the Marine Protection, Research, and Sanctuaries Act (1972) and the Safe Drinking Water Act (1974). As well, Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act was also amended in 1988.
Most industrial operations are required to treat wastewater before discharging it into rivers. Wastes from feedlots are collected in lagoons, settled, collected, and used for fertilizer. Heavy metals and organic compounds from industry are often reclaimed from wastewater and recycled, decreasing manufacturing costs. Sewage from homes undergoes at least two stages of treatment. Primary treatment consists of sedimentation and dyeing of solids, which may be used as fertilizer. Secondary treatment consists of aeration of the remaining liquid, through a process of stirring, trickling over filters, and spraying; aerobic bacteria oxidize much of the remaining organic matter. Tertiary treatment, using antibacterial agents such as chlorine or ozone, may be used to produce effluent water that is safe for further use.
Mercury finds its way into water primarily through air pollution from coal-fired power plants and some other industrial processes. In the water, the elemental mercury is converted to methylmercury by certain bacteria, after which it moves up the food chain of fish gobbling each other up. In then end, the larger fish may end up on your dinner plate—swordfish, sea bass, marlin, halibut, or tuna, for example.
Known health risks
These harmful pollutants heavily contribute to many diseases such as diarrhea, cholera, hepatitis, dysentery and salmonellosis. Also, many of the pollutants are also carcinogenic, cancer causing. Pollutants like sodium can cause cardiovascular diseases. Mercury and lead cause nervous disorders. DDT is another toxic material that can cause chromosomal changes. Excess fluoride in water may damage the spinal chord, while arsenic can cause significant damage to the liver and the nervous system. In addition, organic compounds present in polluted water facilitate the growth of algae and other weeds (algal blooms/ red tides), which in turn use more oxygen dissolved in the water. This reduces the amount of oxygen dissolved in the water and the consequent shortage of oxygen for other aquatic life, killing them and forcing them to flee the area.
Human infectious diseases are among the most serious effects of water pollution, especially in developing countries, where sanitation may be inadequate or non-existent. Waterborne diseases occur when parasites or other disease-causing microorganisms are transmitted via contaminated water, particularly water contaminated by pathogens originating from excreta. These include typhoid, intestinal parasites, and most of the enteric and diarrheal diseases caused by bacteria, parasites, and viruses. Among the most serious parasitic diseases are amoebiasis, giardiasis, ascariasis, and hookworm.
Developed countries are not immune to the problem of infectious waterborne diseases. In 1993, high cryptosporidium levels in Milwaukee's drinking water supply sickened more than 400,000 residents. That was an unusually extreme case, but transmission of disease agents such as bacteria and cysts via contaminated but poorly treated municipal water is more common than it should be. Every year, an estimated seven million Americans are sickened by contaminated water. This is only partly due to drinking water—contamination of recreational water (such as beach water) is also a problem.
Exposure to mercury in the womb can cause neurological problems, including slower reflexes, learning deficits, delayed or incomplete mental development, autism, and brain damage. Mercury in adults is also a problem, causing:
* central nervous system effects like Parkinson's disease, multiple sclerosis, and Alzheimer's disease;
* heart disease;
* and, in severe cases, causing death or irreversibly damaging areas of the brain.
Preventive measures or strategies
Three options are available in controlling industrial wastewater. Control can take place at the point of generation in the plant; wastewater can be pretreated for discharge to municipal treatment sources; or wastewater can be treated completely at the plant and either reused or discharged directly into receiving waters.
Environmental factors, cultural beliefs, and socioeconomic considerations on the health of a society
Industrial pollution contaminates the freshwater supplies used for consumption. In more developed regions, industrial pollution is more common, however, it is also prevalent in underdeveloped countries. These areas rely more heavily on natural, unfiltered bodies of water for daily use, which is extremely harmful to their health. They also have less knowledge and money to spend on cleaning their water supplies, so they are negatively affected.
Citations:
Bora, C. (2000- 2010). Industrial water pollution. Retrieved March 19, 2010, from Buzzel website: www.buzzel.com/articles/industrial-water-pollution.html
Krantz, D & Kifferstein, B. (2010). Water pollution and society. Retrieved March, 19, 2010, from Umich website: http://www.umich.edu/~gs265/society/waterpollution.htm
Shiells, E. (February 2, 2010). Mercury detection in fish organs. Retrieved April 9, 2010, from RSC Publishing website: http://www.rsc.org/Publishing/ChemTech/Volume/2010/03/mercury_detection.asp
Water Pollution: Classifying water Pollution. (2010). Retrieved March 23, 2010, from Natural Resources Management and Environment Department website: http://www.fao.org/docrep/W2598E/w2598e04.htm
Water Pollution Effects. (April 2010). Retrieved April 9, 2010, from Grinning Planet website:http://www.grinningplanet.com/2006/12-05/water-pollution-effects.htm
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